BANGKOK, Thailand -- Armed Palestinian "Black September" guerrillas
seized the Israeli Embassy in Bangkok, threatened to execute the six
Israelis inside and blow up the building, but suddenly surrendered
saying, "We love your king," when told that King Bhumibol Adulyadej
was appointing his son that day in 1972 as sole heir to the throne.
Today, while Thailand mourns King Bhumibol's death on October 13,
his son Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn is preparing to fulfill his
father's decision and become this country's next monarch.
But on December 28, 1972, the king's royal appointment ceremony of
then-Prince Vajiralongkorn to be crown prince and heir, was almost
marred by bloodshed across town.
Four Palestinian guerrillas wearing jackets in the sweltering heat
had arrived in a taxi at the Israeli Embassy on Soi Langsuan near the
British Embassy just before lunch on December 28.
They climbed "over the wall, using the embassy insignia [placard]
as a step-ladder," the embassy's messenger Anek Bariman said hours
later.
The gunmen unveiled assault rifles, threatened to kill people at
the gate, and then forced their way into the building by smashing the
front door's glass and unlocking it.
Inside the embassy, they seized six hostages: Israel's Ambassador
to Cambodia Simon Avimor, First Secretary Nitzan Hadas, his wife Ruth,
Administration Attache Pincus Lavie, Lavie's assistant Danie Beri, and
Beri's wife.
"The Zionist occupation of Palestine is a criminal and inhuman
action with the aims of annihilating our people," the four gunmen said
in a typewritten statement which they threw out of an upstairs window
in the early afternoon.
They identified themselves as members of the Palestinian
Organization Black September Ali Taha Group.
"We consider that every Israeli Embassy is Palestinian land," the
statement said.
They included a list of 36 Palestinian prisoners' names and said
they must be freed from Israel's jails and sent to Egypt or the gunmen
would kill their six hostages.
"If Israel rejects our demands, we will be free then to treat this
staff in the same manner of murder it treats our people," the
statement warned, setting a deadline for 8 a.m. the next morning.
Steel-helmeted army paratroopers and police sharpshooters took up
positions alongside the embassy and set up headquarters across the
street in the Mater Dei Convent School.
Inside the school, Israel's Ambassador to Thailand Rehavam Amir and
Egyptian Ambassador Moustafa El-Assawy -- who had been preparing to
attend the royal investiture -- discussed possible strategies with
Thai officials who were scrutinizing the embassy's floor plan.
"All we can do is pray," the Israeli ambassador's wife told journalists.
Simultaneously across town inside Chitrlada Palace, military
dictator Prime Minister Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn briefed King
Bhumibol.
While worried about the dangerous confrontation, the king proceeded
to the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall, where his wife Queen Sirikit, two
of their daughters Princess Sirindhorn and Princess Chulabhorn, and
Prince Vajiralongkorn also gathered to begin the investiture.
Thailand's Chief Brahmin Phra Rajkhru Wamathepmuni gave
Vajiralongkorn sacred dried leaves which the prince used to brush the
right side of his body three times, and also his left side thrice.
The Brahmin then poured holy water onto the prince's hands.
An official from the Prime Minister's Office read the king's new
royal command appointing Vajiralongkorn as crown prince.
The royal family then entered the palace's vast Central Hall where
more than 300 witnesses were assembled, including cabinet members,
foreign diplomats, senior military and civilian officials.
A floor-to-ceiling golden curtain slowly parted while the King's
Anthem played, revealing the king on seated on a raised Golden Throne.
At exactly 12:23 in the afternoon -- an auspicious moment decided
by the Royal Astrologer -- the king poured sacred lustral water onto
the head of the prince who knelt in front of his father.
The King's Anthem sounded again and a 21-gun salute began, while
Buddhist monks in thousands of temples across Thailand started
chanting prayers and ringing temple bells.
TVs broadcast the events to viewers while a large crowd gathered in
the Royal Plaza in front of the Throne Hall.
The king then ceremoniously gave Vajiralongkorn a name plate made
of gold which displayed the crown prince's name and his new title as
Mongkut Rajakumara.
The king also presented him with the royal seal of his new
position, plus a gold sword and other emblems and items.
That afternoon, they arrived at the Temple of the Emerald Buddha
where a ceremony was performed by the king, queen and crown prince
displaying respect to the Triple Gem.
Phra Rajkhru blessed some water and dipped a ceremonial arrow and
sword into the clear fluid.
Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn then swore an oath of allegiance, and
sipped the blessed water given to him by the chief Brahmin.
At the Israeli Embassy meanwhile Deputy Foreign Minister Chatichai
Choonhavan told the guerrillas, "Today is a holiday. Please release
all six hostages and then we will guarantee safe passage for you,
wherever you want to go.
"The Thai people are your friends...and we guarantee you safe
conduct," Chatichai said.
When negotiations continued after dusk, newly installed floodlights
lit the embassy.
Thailand's Supreme Command Chief of Staff, Air Chief Marshal Dawee
Chullasapya, told the guerrillas that King Bhumibol held the royal
investiture that same day to confirm his son as heir to the throne,
and the king was very concerned about the hostage crisis.
"I said I believed Israel would not agree to their demand for the
release of 36 prisoners," Dawee told reporters at the time.
"They were sorry. They said they did not care for Israel, but they
did care for Thailand and its king. They did not want to create a
misunderstanding between the Arabs and Thailand."
The gunmen invited Dawee to dinner in the Israeli Embassy to work out a deal.
"I brought in curried rice and chicken," Dawee said. "I had [to
eat] a mouthful before they touched it."
Daweee said, "I told them it was hard to negotiate because it was a
sacred day" in Thailand.
"I negotiated with them all night and suggested they should be our
guests on a flight to Cairo. Someone asked, 'Why Cairo?' and I said
because that [Egypt] is the most important country in the Arab world.
"I was in Munich in 1972 when the [Olympics] massacre there
occurred, and I learned the lesson from that," Dawee said.
"The king directed us not to do anything of a violent nature unless
it was completely necessary."
Dawee invited the Egyptian ambassador to join the all-night meeting
inside the besieged embassy.
That night, the Egyptian envoy played a decisive role by stressing
to the guerrillas that it would be "deplorable" if the crisis
tarnished the auspiciousness of the royal investiture.
The next day, two hours before dawn, the Bangkok Post scored an
exclusive interview with the gunmen.
"This is the Palestine Embassy," a guerrilla said when two Bangkok
Post reporters telephoned the Israeli Embassy.
"This is Black September."
Black September formed in 1971 after Jordanian King Hussein's army,
backed by tanks, artillery and rockets, unleashed a devastating
assault on Palestinian guerrillas in the capital Amman -- which was 70
percent Palestinian -- and towns across Jordan in September 1970 after
weeks of sporadic clashes.
Thousands of Palestinians were killed, wounded or expelled.
Earlier, thousands of Palestinians had fled to Jordan for safety
after the 1967 war with Israel, when Jordan lost the West Bank of the
Jordan River.
Several months before seizing the Israeli Embassy in Bangkok, Black
September staged other international attacks including against
Israel's Olympic team at the 1972 Summer Games in Munich, Germany,
killing 11 Israelis and a German policeman.
Before disbanding in 1974, they also bombed embassies, hijacked
passenger planes and seized hostages in several countries.
"The Israeli government says we are bad people and that we want to
kill Israeli people. What we want is to have Jews and Muslims living
in peace," the gunman told the two journalists.
"The Israeli government, with British and American aid, have taken
away our land from our people.
"We have many Palestinian brothers and sisters. We want them to be
taken out of the prisons to any Arab land. We would prefer them to go
to Cairo."
The unidentified Palestinian's calm English-language replies to the
two Bangkok Post journalists sounded "tinged with sincerity and a
stunning measure of complacency," they reported.
"We have told the [Thai] government and the generals from the army
that we are sorry," the gunman said.
"We are most sorry we did not know this day. We love your king. He
is very good and beautiful.
"We hope the Thai people will know our problem. This embassy is our
land," he said after earlier hanging a Palestinian flag in the
embassy's window so it could be seen outside.
He then invited Thais to train as guerrillas in the Middle East.
"I hope some of the Thai people will become Palestinian commandos
with us," he said during the telephone interview.
On December 29, less than 24 hours after the assault began, an
agreement was reached so that Dawee, joined by Chatichai and seven
other Thai security officials -- plus the Egyptian ambassador -- would
be exchanged for the six hostages.
In response, the Palestinians agreed to release all six Israelis in Bangkok.
An air force bus arrived at the embassy, escorted by police
motorcycles and squad cars.
The six hostages came out, tied together with ropes, and climbed
into the bus.
Their release took place at about 6 a.m. on December 29 in
Bangkok's Don Muang International Airport.
The relieved Israelis hugged each other upon gaining their freedom.
"I didn't know it was so good to be alive," shouted Ruth Hadas in
Hebrew after she and her husband realized it was over.
"If it wasn't for the king, I don't think any of us would be here,"
she said in English to a reporter at the airport.
Dawee, Chatichai, the seven other Thais, the Egyptian ambassador
and the four guerrillas then flew away on a Thai International DC8
plane to the Egyptian capital as the sun rose above Bangkok.
"We were not hostages of the guerrillas," Dawee said at the time.
"They were our guests. The atmosphere was very friendly and it was
very kind of them" to peacefully compromise.
"What they did at the Israeli Embassy was their own business. But
it happened in our country and on a sacred day when the king was
installing the crown prince.
"But the guerrillas did not know that," until after seizing the
Israelis, Dawee said.
When they landed in Cairo, a van took the unidentified guerrillas
away while the nine Thais were courteously met by Egyptian foreign
ministry officials who escorted them to the departure lounge.
The nine Thais then flew back to Bangkok.
In Tel Aviv, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir said in a radio
interview after the crisis ended:
"I want to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and
appreciation in the name of the government and all the people of
Israel for the faithful and vigorous action of the Thai government,
ministers and others who took part in the operation and negotiations.
"We express our deepest admiration and gratitude to the government
of Thailand on the fortitude, sangfroid and discretion displayed by
them."